Sorry if I'm misunderstanding how this works, but I don't understand what a kernel does. I recently installed the Franco kernal Milestone 2 onto my Android Revolution 3.0 ROM. I thought it would add new options to my device or something based on the description of the kernel, but I feel as if nothing changed...
Would anyone be kind enough to explain how these things work?
To put it as simply as I can, and the way I understand it (correct me if I am wrong anyone).. A kernel is the code between the ROM and the actual phone hardware itself, so in order for your firmware to communicate with your device hardware, it uses this middleman known as a kernel.
The easiest way to explain it is to say the kernel is like the brain for Android while the ROM is it's body. It's the core part of any operating system that is responsible for the most basic tasks such as turning on and off LEDs, charging the battery, distributing processor time to different apps/processes, etc.
You can find more about their differences @
ROM-VS-Kernel
xHausx said:
The easiest way to explain it is to say the kernel is like the brain for Android while the ROM is it's body. It's the core part of any operating system that is responsible for the most basic tasks such as turning on and off LEDs, charging the battery, distributing processor time to different apps/processes, etc.
You can find more about their differences @
ROM-VS-Kernel
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
A kernel is the ECU in a car.
The rest is the OS
I should be able to answer this myself since I just took a class that covered the basics of computing last semester, but despite the dozens of pages of notes, I can't. So... Wikipedia:
In computing, the kernel is the main component of most computer operating systems; it is a bridge between applications and the actual data processing done at the hardware level. The kernel's responsibilities include managing the system's resources (the communication between hardware and software components)
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kernel_(computing)
Which explains why you would flash a kernel that improves battery life (resource and power management) and/or increasing the processor's clock speed.
The Linux kernel handles the process sharing (multitasking), resource management and using device drivers abstracting the hardware from the applications.
A user program might address memory, but this is in a virtual address space. The kernel uses memory management to map this to physical memory (and maybe swap it out if other programs need to run).
(The kernel is in the middle (like the kernel of a nut). It is surrounded by the shell (like a nut!) )
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Ah, aha! Thank you! So basically I have to read the description of the kernel and what it does before I install it, because the things it changes aren't actually options? This makes more sense now. Thanks for the help everyone!
Luuthian said:
Ah, aha! Thank you! So basically I have to read the description of the kernel and what it does before I install it, because the things it changes aren't actually options? This makes more sense now. Thanks for the help everyone!
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
Franco lets you change options through his app...
https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.franco.kernel
Or if you're running a custom rom, many of these options are changeable in the "performance" section of the rom settings.
Does the Kernal have anything to do with the radio function? Reception?
Sent From My Sprint Galaxy Nexus via XDA Premium
ÜBER™ said:
Sent From My Sprint Galaxy Nexus via XDA Premium
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Click to collapse
Ha ha ha ha ha!!!!!
keving75 said:
Does the Kernal have anything to do with the radio function? Reception?
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
My mistake.
Does the Kernel affect the radio function? What about GPS lock?
Luuthian said:
Sorry if I'm misunderstanding how this works, but I don't understand what a kernel does. I recently installed the Franco kernal Milestone 2 onto my Android Revolution 3.0 ROM. I thought it would add new options to my device or something based on the description of the kernel, but I feel as if nothing changed...
Would anyone be kind enough to explain how these things work?
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
Latest milestone its 3 and this speaks by itself :
Sent from my Galaxy Nexus using xda premium
I also would have accepted colonel sorcerer.
Related
Morning guys. I think I've clogged up Agats kernel thread enough with this so figured I should hop on over here and ask about what's going on.
First of all a big thanks to the few kernel devs we have over here. I understand that we did just recently get source so I'm not blaming anyone for the issues I'm encountering.
All I've been trying to do these past few days is see how far I can max out this phones performance. I'm not concerned right now with battery life. I live in a God awful data/signal area... but since source has dropped I have noticed without even touching a single setting improvements in performance.
So all I've been trying to do these last few days is overclock to 1.4 and KEEP it at 1.4 while my screen is on. I've mostly been using Tegrak Ultimate and Voltage Control and staying at Performance gov. From what Voltage Control is telling me though is the majority of the time I'm stuck at 800 MHZ. Very rarely am I at 1.4 and not only that the phone is barley ever at 500MHZ or 200MHZ. I've tried overvolting up to +75 across the board but that hasn't changed anything. I've tried different Schedulers and have seen a little improvement using CFQ. I've kept my governor at Performance.
I've never really been a big overclock guy. This just started as me seeing how far I can push this phones performance without it melting in my hands. LOL. Now though I'm just trying to learn and or understand why 96% of the time I'm sitting at 800mhz.
Thanks in advance for any feedback and especially thanks to Sleshepic, Agat, and RJ for the work they've put into these source kernels.
I've included a number of screenies..... sorry they are kind of random but it's what I've been posting in Agats thread..... but it gives you the general idea of what I'm getting at.
Thanks.
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what ROM are you running? it would seem like you have conflicting scripts running. like a script which is preventing you from using certian steps. And even capping you at 800MHZ. Have you tried a full wipe then flash your rom and agat's kernel again? just wondering if there is a left over script from a perivous rom or battery saver mod. I have been following you on the kernel thread. hell, Ive been using google this to see if i can come up with something. thats I have right now.
link for reading: http://www.setcpu.com/documentation.html
g_ding84 said:
what ROM are you running? it would seem like you have conflicting scripts running. like a script which is preventing you from using certian steps. And even capping you at 800MHZ. Have you tried a full wipe then flash your rom and agat's kernel again? just wondering if there is a left over script from a perivous rom or battery saver mod. I have been following you on the kernel thread. hell, Ive been using google this to see if i can come up with something. thats I have right now.
link for reading: http://www.setcpu.com/documentation.html
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
Thanks man. You might be on to something there. I'm going to look further into scripts and how they may conflict with Tegrak/Setcpu/Voltages.
This could very well be the issue...... I can't think of anything else it could be.
Thanks again.
caspersfi said:
Thanks man. You might be on to something there. I'm going to look further into scripts and how they may conflict with Tegrak/Setcpu/Voltages.
This could very well be the issue...... I can't think of anything else it could be.
Thanks again.
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
No problem. im also checking it out as well. I'll keep ya informed as what else i could find.
Go team venum! lol
Well I'm not getting anywhere on this. A few days ago I was testing Manufan's Hooligan ROM(awesome ROM by the way) then did a fresh install over to Mijjah's Goodness ROM. I just asked in his thread and Rwilco12 said there isn't a script in the ROM. He thinks there may be some apps conflicting.
The only thing I have left to do is another fresh install. Judging by the lack of responses in this thread I may be the only one having this issue.
do you have multiple OC apps? like i had to delet Rom tool box when I started using voltage control. same way when I had tagraz. I beleive you can only have on OC app at a time as they will conflict by trying to gain control over the CPU.
Yeah I'm running 0.2.3 and here's mine.
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g_ding84 said:
do you have multiple OC apps? like i had to delet Rom tool box when I started using voltage control. same way when I had tagraz. I beleive you can only have on OC app at a time as they will conflict by trying to gain control over the CPU.
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
Well I have Rom Toolbox Pro but I'm just using that to change my font. I have Setcpu frozen thru TB and just using Tegrak Ultimate.
When I get home from work later I'm going to do a fresh install. Use Rom Toolbox Pro to change my font then freeze it. Then just use Tegrak and not install Setcpu.
See if that does it. Thanks again for your feedback.
caspersfi said:
Well I have Rom Toolbox Pro but I'm just using that to change my font. I have Setcpu frozen thru TB and just using Tegrak Ultimate.
When I get home from work later I'm going to do a fresh install. Use Rom Toolbox Pro to change my font then freeze it. Then just use Tegrak and not install Setcpu.
See if that does it. Thanks again for your feedback.
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
no problem. just something i was thinking about.
Any word on getting around the Sprint blocks (error 67) on a stock-derived ROM? WiFi tether works fine, but I'd rather use USB since it is faster, more secure, less of a PIA, and saves battery on my phone and laptop. I'm looking for a real solution where the phone relays the PC's packets, not some janky solution that involves an application running on my computer and/or the phone changing packet headers.
I'll probably switch to Cyanogen when a stable build is out, but until then...
So, no one knows how to USB tether? Damn.
You want rndis. This has been in the Linux kernel since 2.6 or so, but I haven't seen a prebuilt kernel that has it enabled.
(I'm a Linux guy, not an Android guy, so take the following with a grain of salt...)
I've been trying to get this working, which I thought would be a fairly trivial task (Set up a cross-compiler, download the Samsung kernel sources, turn on iptables and rndis, build kernel and modules, copy over, and go home happy.)
What I've found is:
1) Setting up the toolchain and building the cross-compiler is easier than expected because folks have automated most of it. (Look up crosstool-ng... sexy!)
2) Downloading the Samsung sources is easier than expected; Samsung has 'em right on their web site.
3) Stepping into Samsung's kernel source tree is like walking into a horror movie. You can almost see little sticky notes reading "OK GUYS I GOT THIS THING WORKING, DON'T KNOW HOW, NOBODY TOUCH IT" hanging off things. Maybe I'm just spoiled by being used to kernel source trees where changes are vetted by committee.
Part of the problem is that the stock kernel that comes on the phone is not compiled with CONFIG_IKCONFIG_PROC (which would let you check out the config at /proc/config.gz), and extract_ikconfig doesn't like it either. (This means that instead of starting with a known-good configuration and changing things slowly from there, as you would on a Linux box, you get to start with a "sounds-good-to-me" configuration and hope it works, which is extra-fun given that a lot of the things Samsung added are undocumented (and occasionally unlabeled).
Anyway, I'm working on it, but just building a kernel has turned out to be nontrivial. Once I get the stock Samsung kernel compiling, getting rndis and iptables going should be pretty easy, even if the code for them has to be merged in (this stuff has been in the linux kernel forever).
As an update, I got Garwynn's newest community kernel to build using a somewhat modified config extracted from the whompasaurus kernel (which is Perseus) (I did that because I didn't want to make sure I had drivers for all the twiddles and bobs in whompasaurus). The new kernel is running great!
It turns out that a little kernel hacking is going to be involved for those who want RNDIS and the android gadget driver; config makes them mutually exclusive. It will bear some looking into to see why that is (it might not need to be set up that way). One of the gadgets excluded is the Samsung Exynos Superspeed USB 3.0 device, which I do not think is an issue for the Note 2, but could well be a deal breaker for upcoming Exynos 5 phones. I'm too tired to dig through all the drivers and see what exactly is being broken, but that would need to be done before I declared this to be a good tradeoff.
For now, I'm just going to build it with RNDIS and without android gadget, and see how my phone likes it (and how USB tethering works).
Late breaking update: The RNDIS code in the kernel appears broken. Looks like a scope-of-function problem (conflicting functions named rndis_bind_config); will hack it into submission tomorrow.
I was about to look to see how you can enable USB tether till I realized my wifi tether is just as fast
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Any updates, really need usb tether for my car stereo
Sent from my PG86100 using xda app-developers app
I tried to build kernels with all three RNDIS kernel drivers. I did some hacking to try to get the samsung gadget that includes RNDIS to build, but have stopped work on this because:
1) I think getting this to work would take a significant investment of time
2) Samsung has announced that my phone will get Android 5; Android 5 is supposed to be Linux 3.9.x; so any work I do now will be obsolete in a couple months.
Note that I am not talking about getting Sprint's paid tethering app to work; I am talking about using the native rndis support in the linux kernel. (Frankly, that's probably all theirs is too, but they got the driver to compile.
I want this to work too, but I am done messing with it until Android 5.
I've just tried out the "scientific" (i.e. landscape) layout of Galaxy Note 8.0's stock calculator - and it seems that it outrageously mishandles trigonometric functions !
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Just a reminder that
sin(n*pi)=0
cos(n*pi)=1
tan(n*pi)=0
tan(pi/2) is undetermined
tan(pi/4)=1
tan(pi/3)=sqrt(3)=1.73...
So this begs the question, "WTF???!!!"
Don't forget that those values are only true when your angles are in RAD. All calculators are in DEG by default and that is why you get those "wrong" values (which aren't wrong since they are correct in DEG mode)
Hope you figure out how to change it to RAD I'd help with that but I only get my Note Monday/Tuesday
Sent from my XT925 using xda app-developers app
Thanks, man, I haven't even thought about that!..
Having the arguments of trigonometric functions in radians is virtually always the default, though!.. At least for a "scientific" version of a calculator. They should at least give some indication that it's in degrees... I don't think you can change it to radians, by the way.
And why have the Pi constant, then? The only use for it that I can think of is within trigonometric functions. Well, and calculating the circumference of circles.
Spartanus said:
And why have the Pi constant, then?
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
Maybe it's because Pi is a constant?
Spartanus said:
Thanks, man, I haven't even thought about that!..
Having the arguments of trigonometric functions in radians is virtually always the default, though!.. At least for a "scientific" version of a calculator. They should at least give some indication that it's in degrees... I don't think you can change it to radians, by the way.
And why have the Pi constant, then? The only use for it that I can think of is within trigonometric functions. Well, and calculating the circumference of circles.
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
Pi is a constant yeah and I think its used for stuff other than trig I just can't think of anything my school mode is off lol my phone's calc is in RAD for those functions but I've also had to use the same functions in DEG previously so there is use for both. In physics (mechanics) we mostly used DEG for these!
I read around you can download a calculator from the Play Store which allows you to go from RAD to DEG and vice-versa but can't remember the name sorry
Sent from my XT925 using xda app-developers app
saloums7 said:
Pi is a constant yeah and I think its used for stuff other than trig I just can't think of anything my school mode is off lol
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
Well, I know Pi is used for other stuff, I have a PhD in mathematics.
What I meant was that among the functions included in Samsung stock calculator's landscape mode trigonometric functions are the only ones that can make any sensible use of Pi. The only other use I can think of (within this calculator) is, like I said, using Pi to calculate circumferences and areas of circles.
And I understand that one can dowload other calculator apps - but this doesn't change the fact that, to me, this behavior of the stock calculator is weird.
Spartanus said:
Well, I know Pi is used for other stuff, I have a PhD in mathematics.
What I meant was that among the functions included in Samsung stock calculator's landscape mode trigonometric functions are the only ones that can make any sensible use of Pi. The only other use I can think of (within this calculator) is, like I said, using Pi to calculate circumferences and areas of circles.
And I understand that one can dowload other calculator apps - but this doesn't change the fact that, to me, this behavior of the stock calculator is weird.
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
Cool! (PhD) I'm still in college
and yeah the stock phone/tablet calculators on Android from what I've seen are pretty basic making them useless at times
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Hi
Guys i hear about kernel and can be flash into the device
What kernel can do?
if it helpful for the device can i have a new kernel for my device
Thanks guys
Search for kernel in Google. Kernel is the heart of our mobile. You can flash modified kernels.
Sent from my GT-I9082 using xda premium
IRAQIGHOST said:
Hi
Guys i hear about kernel and can be flash into the device
What kernel can do?
if it helpful for the device can i have a new kernel for my device
Thanks guys
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
Try google like maxxinn said for better info.
But basically, Kernel the the software between your firmware/ROM and our phone. Kernel is how your ROM governs your phone. So kernel has to be different for each phone model.
Stock kernels usually just have the essential things, just to run the phone like it should. Custom kernels have tweaks to make your phone better in several ways like faster, less lag, overclocking and better response and input options.
For our phone there is custom kernel but only for 4.1.2
k2wl is working on 4.2.2 kernel but it's not finished yet, but it's up for testing
What is KERNEL ?
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A kernel isn't something unique to Android -- iOS and MacOS have one, Windows has one, BlackBerry's QNX has one, in fact all high level operating systems have one. The one we're interested in is Linux, as it's the one Android uses. Let's try to break down what it is and what it does.
Android devices use the Linux kernel, but it's not the exact same kernel other Linux-based operating systems use. There's a lot of Android specific code built in, and Google's Android kernel maintainers have their work cut out for them. OEMs have to contribute as well, because they need to develop hardware drivers for the parts they're using for the kernel version they're using. This is why it takes a while for independent Android developers and hackers to port new versions to older devices and get everything working. Drivers written to work with the Gingerbread kernel on a phone won't necessarily work with the Ice Cream Sandwich kernel. And that's important, because one of the kernel's main functions is to control the hardware. It's a whole lot of source code, with more options while building it than you can imagine, but in the end it's just the intermediary between the hardware and the software.
When software needs the hardware to do anything, it sends a request to the kernel. And when we say anything, we mean anything. From the brightness of the screen, to the volume level, to initiating a call through the radio, even what's drawn on the display is ultimately controlled by the kernel. For example -- when you tap the search button on your phone, you tell the software to open the search application. What happens is that you touched a certain point on the digitizer, which tells the software that you've touched the screen at those coordinates. The software knows that when that particular spot is touched, the search dialog is supposed to open. The kernel is what tells the digitizer to look (or listen, events are "listened" for) for touches, helps figure out where you touched, and tells the system you touched it. In turn, when the system receives a touch event at a specific point from the kernel (through the driver) it knows what to draw on your screen. Both the hardware and the software communicate both ways with the kernel, and that's how your phone knows when to do something. Input from one side is sent as output to the other, whether it's you playing Angry Birds, or connecting to your car's Bluetooth.
It sounds complicated, and it is. But it's also pretty standard computer logic -- there's an action of some sort generated for every event. Without the kernel to accept and send information, developers would have to write code for every single event for every single piece of hardware in your device. With the kernel, all they have to do is communicate with it through the Android system API's, and hardware developers only have to make the device hardware communicate with the kernel. The good thing is that you don't need to know exactly how or why the kernel does what it does, just understanding that it's the go-between from software to hardware gives you a pretty good grasp of what's happening under the glass.
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
j.posarekar70 said:
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
Nice 1 buddy
Special Thanks
Thanks guys for replay
I Will try to install a new one for my device
My tab s 8.4 eat a lot or ram always 2gb in use wile their is no app is running? Why is that?
a lot of apps running on background
1 GB is also reserved for vnswap
vnswap what that mean?
It's just caching.This is a part of efficient memory management and not a problem. People who think it is don't understand usually. For common tasks, storing info in RAM is more efficient. System doesn't need to get it from SD which takes longer and uses more power.
That's a pretty simplistic way to put it but you should let your OS manage memory and use that 3GB to its fullest.
texaspledge said:
It's just caching.This is a part of efficient memory management and not a problem. People who think it is don't understand usually. For common tasks, storing info in RAM is more efficient. System doesn't need to get it from SD which takes longer and uses more power.
That's a pretty simplistic way to put it but you should let your OS manage memory and use that 3GB to its fullest.
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
Well, Android is and was always using "empty" RAM as a file cache. How is this different and less efficient than Samsung's approach?
UpInTheAir said:
1 GB is also reserved for vnswap
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
Reducing the amount of VNSWAP via Synapse in your kernel to 1 doesn't seem to do anything to the amount of RAM in use. So, do I something wrong or do I still don't get it?
EDIT: Sorry if my posting reads a bit harsh, it is certainly not meant that way Language barrier and stuff...
TheGoD said:
Reducing the amount of VNSWAP via Synapse in your kernel to 1 doesn't seem to do anything to the amount of RAM in use. So, do I something wrong or do I still don't get it?
EDIT: Sorry if my posting reads a bit harsh, it is certainly not meant that way Language barrier and stuff...
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
It's not supposed to.
Reading from v1.4 Change-log
synapse: Memory: VNSWAP control (1>1024 MB - Unable to disable (reset) / set size to 0 yet)
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
It does change the size of the VNSWAP but doesn't reclaim the reserved RAM yet. Need to find a way as I quoted. I don't want to disable it fully in compile, i want to have tweakable options
Anyway, is OT from OP question and instead kernel development related.
rowihel2012 said:
My tab s 8.4 eat a lot or ram always 2gb in use wile their is no app is running? Why is that?
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
I think it's probably some rogue app.. Go to Settings --> Application Manager and "Running Application" to see what's running int he background. But if it does not slow down your tablet, it should be fine. Just like my Mac, it uses tons of memory but OSX have such great memory management that my Mac still runs well.
TheGoD said:
Well, Android is and was always using "empty" RAM as a file cache. How is this different and less efficient than Samsung's approach?
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
Huh? That doesn't make sense at all. Android doesn't do that, it's probably more of rogue app. See https://developer.android.com/tools/debugging/debugging-memory.html
great,now my tablet plays rogue on its own...lol
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texaspledge said:
It's just caching.This is a part of efficient memory management and not a problem. People who think it is don't understand usually. For common tasks, storing info in RAM is more efficient. System doesn't need to get it from SD which takes longer and uses more power.
That's a pretty simplistic way to put it but you should let your OS manage memory and use that 3GB to its fullest.
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
What he said. Every android device I get has a thread with people complain about ram usage. Android is based on Linux. Unlike Windows, Linux uses as much ram as possible all of the time to run smoother.
http://www.linuxatemyram.com/