Kaiser wont flash any new nbh files - Tilt, TyTN II, MDA Vario III Android Development

Hey , my htc kaiser went through alot of flashing in the past gre weeks , and now it wont flash ANY new nbh files , so I am stuck with a 2.6.25 version nbh. i cant use Hardspl like I was using , and now it wont work with the sd card , but it will go to the tri colored screen. Any suggestions would be appreciated

I came across the same problem. I also wanted to flash a new nbh file trough the sd card but every time I tried it goes directly to "serial" when I do a hard reset.

check for the correct file name. file KAISIMG.NBH must be in the root of your sd card.

it is , but it still wont flash

is USB still working?
if it does, just extract the RUU exe from an ordinary rom upgrade pack,
put the nbh u want to flash in the same seperate folder with RUU (on your desktop not your SD of course =] )
then execute RUU
it should work fine in the Tri-COlour screen.

It wont work in usb , thats how I always flashed it , but now on the tri colored screen , it says usb , but the RUU cant find the device? Its so confusing ahaha

DreadCode said:
It wont work in usb , thats how I always flashed it , but now on the tri colored screen , it says usb , but the RUU cant find the device? Its so confusing ahaha
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
Please allow me to guess around and list out possible solution,
I do wish to suggest any solution to work it out
I guess there are few possible things to check out,
like hardware,
is the usb port of your Kaiser having bad contact. are the pins having bad contact.
ever tried to replace USB cable or use another computer to try
ever tried another SD card? Flash memory does wear out in continuos read and write.
Software:
Ever tried official WM flashing pack?
What about re-do HARDSPL install? I remember there are tutorials around on how to remove HARDSPL and then reinstall HARDSPL yourself.
**PS: My own very-UNprofessional opinion: probably there is something wrong with the HARDSPL, so it wont recognise itself correctly to RUU, nor recognising NBH file on SD corerectly.
Good luck mate, looking forward to your speech of joy =]

Im not exactly sure about the usb port , Before I started flashing , it worked fine with a usb wall charger , now it doesnt , but USB debugging always comes up , and it will only charge with a usb port into a computer . so I have absolutly NO clue

Any suggestions?

You may have a worn USB socket on your phone. By the way you are talking about as much flashing as you do, that could be the root cause of the issue.
One thing to try is to clean the contacts on the USB socket of the phone by using an air duster or other compressed air source to blow any garbage out, or (my personal favorite, produces the best results) you can use a small amount of WD-40 sprayed directly in the socket with the extension tube attached. A SMALL AMOUNT WILL WORK! Don't go soaking the phone in WD-40 as this could have ill effects on the phone (I have NEVER used more than a drop or two at any one time, directly on the contacts).
Hope this helps...

ill try that But it still doesnt solve the problem of not being able to flash from SD card?

Sorry, I must have missed the SD card thing in your first post.
There is also a known issue with the ribbon cable that goes from the base to the screen/D-pad/SD socket/etc.
The SD reader is part of the tilt assembly with the electronics for it built into the screen half with the socket/receptacle. In order to use less wires to operate it, they designed it using the USB standard 4 connectors, reducing the extra terminals on the ribbon to 3 (ground is common on the tilt panel).
There's a disassembly thread around here with detailed pictures showing the board being removed from the face.
You could try the WD-40 trick on the contacts of the SD reader, but I'm doubtful thats where the problem is.
The only reason I know all this useless crap is because I had to disassemble one of my Kaisers to replace the screen/touchscreen assembly, which is connected to the same board as the SD/D-pad.

This worked for me!
I once had the same problem and this is what I did:
First bring your phone back to the tri-coloured screen, then flash your ORIGINAL rom that came with your phone. For example with the MDA Vario III you need to flash the Win Mo rom provided by T-Mobile.
Once you have done this reinstall HARDSPL exactly as written in this tutorial: http://forum.xda-developers.com/showthread.php?t=433835. And the final step is to flash your phone back with a KAISIMG.NBH file on a fat32 formatted sd card.
Hope it works and good luck!
All the credits go to l1q1d though who gave me this advice

That's a problem because he can't seem to flash anything through the USB port or from the SD slot. I'm sure he would have flashed back to WinMo by now, if he could.
Haven't heard anything back from him yet...

Try another MicroSD card, or just let windows Disk Check utility correct the filesystem errors.
Put the microSD card into Card reader, use HP USB Disk Storage format Tool to format the card to FAT, Transfer KAISIMG.NBH to your phone.
Recharge your phone TO ATLEAST 50%, or the update will fail.
Boot into bootloader and try installing nbh.
I am pretty sure you have corrupted SD Card. Try another miniUSB cable on your Kaiser. While phone is off, Take out SD Card, Then Keep Camera Button pressed and PLUG IN USB Cable, the phone will boot into tri colour screen saying USB. (Disable USB Connections from activesync)
Run RUU Utility to flash the Official Kaiser Rom

Related

USB Error Prevents Upgrade

WHile trying to install NFSFAN's latest Telus rom my phone disconnects and reconnects causing an error right after teh 0% progress bar shows up on the phone's screen.
I don't think it's a new problem because the Windows Vista machine makes the connect/disconnect noise repeatedly when I plug the USB cord in (though I've never had a problem syncing contacts etc.).
Anyway, I was wondering if anyone knew a fix for me so I can play with Manilla 2D etc.
I advise you read more on how to unlock your phone, and perform a proper flash.
If for some reason your PC is not loading the drivers correctly, then you should use the mini SD card method of flashing.
1) Save the rom as voguimg.nbh on a fat32 drive less than 2gb.
2) power+camera+reset on bottom will put the phone into flash mode and begin reading the file from the flash drive.
eatmeimadanish said:
If for some reason your PC is not loading the drivers correctly, then you should use the mini SD card method of flashing.
1) Save the rom as voguimg.nbh on a fat32 drive less than 2gb.
2) power+camera+reset on bottom will put the phone into flash mode and begin reading the file from the flash drive.
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
I think he should probably do a bit more reading on the topic like NFSFAN says first...
the direct sd card method is what I use (since i'm on Linux) but you have it incorrect as case matters.
The firmware should be named:
Code:
VOGUIMG.NBH
it should reside in the root directory of your sd card and it sometimes helps if theres nothing else on the card. ppcgeeks has a great faq on the whole ordeal. Read first thoroughly imo.
Did you even unlock it? (using Coke)
Try putting it into bootloader, let it load the drivers, and then run the upgrade...
USB ERROR
I had trouble with the driver install as well. I used Vista Business with no luck. Next I tried XP, still no luck. Lastly, I tried on my laptop that has Windows 7 Beta. W7 Beta installed the driver and it read as a palm os base device, NFSFAN's Beta 3 Rom Rom has the phone codes in the Program folder under system Tools. You can enable it that way. I was able to accomplish the agps methood.

Help, vogue needs flashing to cricket!!! Broken usb pin not able to connect to pc

HI, i recently change service from sprint to cricket, i have a htc sprint touch, i accidentaly broke one of the usb pins on my phone, i need to fully flash to cricket. is there any other way? already loaded the cricket prl only text and talk work, as i used my memory card to uploaded it. how can i unlock it so i can load a custom rom with a memory card?
can i use activesync with bluetooth to run the unlocker?
ive tried active sync with BT and didnt have much luck but if you can get it to connect you should be ok ( im just assuming here)
xcaliburpcs said:
HI, i recently change service from sprint to cricket, i have a htc sprint touch, i accidentaly broke one of the usb pins on my phone, i need to fully flash to cricket. is there any other way? already loaded the cricket prl only text and talk work, as i used my memory card to uploaded it. how can i unlock it so i can load a custom rom with a memory card?
can i use activesync with bluetooth to run the unlocker?
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
I don't think you can flash the ROM via bluetooth, but I could be wrong. One thing you can do is flash the ROM/unlocker directly from the memory card in the phone. From what I understand it needs to be a non-HD card (usually 2gb or less) and also needs to be formatted FAT32. Then you can download the 'imcokeman' unlocker, decompress it and pull out the *.nbh file. You will have to rename this to VOGUIMG.nbh and put it in the root folder of the card. Then when you activate the bootloader, by POWER>CAMERA>SOFT RESET it will load the NBH. Then you can also put a custom ROM on this way too...just pull the nbh file from what you get, and follow same procedures after the phone is unlocked. I've never done this before, but I have read where people have done it successfully. If you need more info reference this thread http://forum.ppcgeeks.com/showthread.php?t=20370&highlight=memory+card.
You can also d/l the unlocker there. The area where they are talking about using memory cards is like post 260 or so...good luck. Let me know if you're still stuck.
Also there's a great write up on the process here http://forum.ppcgeeks.com/showthread.php?t=17473.
I tried that it just gets stuck in bootloader, it says "loading..." and nothing happends. what am i doing wrong?
xcaliburpcs said:
I tried that it just gets stuck in bootloader, it says "loading..." and nothing happends. what am i doing wrong?
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
1. Format your MicroSD card to FAT32 (YES - FAT 32 32 32!! not just plain old FAT) (again, this is not required if your card is already fat32; it is ok to have other data on the card). I have read that the card needs to be 2gb or smaller, though I'm not sure how much truth, if any, there is to that...
2. Extract the .NBH you desire to flash from the exe or zip or w/e put it on the microsd card rename it from RUU_signed.nbh to VOGUIMG.NBH
3.Put the MicroSD card in your phone and Get To the BOOTLOADER screen (camer+power+reset) it should then start updating with the .NBH on the SD card and the procedure should begin automatically.
you can also use this procedure to unlock your phone by flashing the .nbh from Cokemans unlocker just extract it and rename it VOGUIMG.NBH or if your stuck at that HTC screen and cant sync because your phone wont boot up.
---This really the best info I can give you...just double check everything you are doing to make sure that you are doing it right. As I said I have never done the unlock process this way, but many people have. Check the second link I gave you in my original post if you need more help...they'll be able to help you I'm sure.
I have done all of that but my phone just gets stuck at the loading grey screen and nothing happends. my phone has the latest rom from sprint. its the 6.1 and I installed it by the bootloader mode with the micro sd card. anything else I can do? if not I found a guy who can repair my mini usb port, but hes about an hour away.
You'll probably waist more time trying to figure this out. I would just drive the hour and get it fixed. It would be more of an investment really especially once you re-sale it for a new phone.
Plus re-programming the phone becomes a whole lot easir 8p
Yeah, that was my Idea, either replace it or fix it. maybe sale it as is and replace it for the touch pro.hmmm, lifes hard choices. what to do...what to do? 8 (
rzawora said:
you can also use this procedure to unlock your phone by flashing the .nbh from Cokemans unlocker just extract it and rename it VOGUIMG.NBH or if your stuck at that HTC screen and cant sync because your phone wont boot up.
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
so i just copy cokemans unlocker to memory card rename it and run it like i would do for a rom?
still waiting for someone to answer this please

From Android to Win 6.5

Hi, I installed android to my touch but now I'd like to go back to window mobile. I haven't been able to figure out how to flash it back to windows... any help?
Thanks
reflash a winmo build.
I'd love to reflash to a winmo build, but i just don't know how.
search. read the wiki's @ the top.
why go back anyway?
Sent from my HERO200 using the XDA mobile application powered by Tapatalk
Long story short. i'm trying android again to see if the newest build has better battery life. the last build couldn't hold a charge long enough to make it worht while as a phone.
The only way i've ever gotten android to get data after being flashed has been to get it working in windows first and then installing android.
i've read and searched for a step by step on how to do this and i just haven't been fruitful.
just download and flash one of the 6.5 builds....there's a very informative guide on how to
The guides that i see want me to establish an active sync connection to flash the device but I have android installed and i cant' establish an active sync connection. I think thats my major hangup. Is there a way to flash it from the memory card?
not that Im aware of.. my have to RUU back to stock and start over.
look here for sprint rom http://shipped-roms.com/shipped/Vogue/
That would be just fine too... i still don't know how to do it. When i run the rom update utility it gives me a connection error.
Edit: I realize that i'm being vague. Let me try to fill in the gaps. I am putting my phone into the bootloader mode, hooking it up to my PC via USB and running the Rom update Utility with a custom rom. The phone has been unlocked so it really shouldn't have any trouble..
What am I doing wrong?
moperist said:
The guides that i see want me to establish an active sync connection to flash the device but I have android installed and i cant' establish an active sync connection. I think thats my major hangup. Is there a way to flash it from the memory card?
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
Put your phone in Bootloader Mode by pressing the Camera and Power buttons and then the Reset button all at the same time.
Then make sure you have a radio of 3.4x or above... If not Flash back to a new stock Rom and then follow the threads you were just reading.
If you radio is good go and Download one of the ROMS here on this forum.
Happy Flashing!
P.S Please Ask your Questions in the Q and A section of this forum.
moperist said:
That would be just fine too... i still don't know how to do it. When i run the rom update utility it gives me a connection error.
Edit: I realize that i'm being vague. Let me try to fill in the gaps. I am putting my phone into the bootloader mode, hooking it up to my PC via USB and running the Rom update Utility with a custom rom. The phone has been unlocked so it really shouldn't have any trouble..
What am I doing wrong?
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
Make sure it says usb at the bottom of the bootloader.
Ok, I found out the problem... i'm retarded.
Thank you for your patience. Sorry to have been a bother and put this in the wrong place.
moperist said:
Ok, I found out the problem... i'm retarded.
Thank you for your patience. Sorry to have been a bother and put this in the wrong place.
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
No problem.
Glad you got it figured out!
moperist said:
Ok, I found out the problem... i'm retarded.
Thank you for your patience. Sorry to have been a bother and put this in the wrong place.
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
No bother....learning experience.
so what was the problem?
so what was the problem because I'm trying to get from android to win 6.5 and the computer is saying that my xv6900 isn't hooked up even though on bootloader it says usb...any help would be great
How to Flash a Vogue without ActiveSync
How to Flash a Vogue Without ActiveSync
A method so easy my Mother could do it.
Not suggesting there's anything wrong with my mother, just that she's not all that technically oriented.​
Here's an easy way to flash your HTC Vogue without using ActiveSync. It would likely be a great method to use if you had many Vogues that all needed to be updated as well. Works great for those not using Windows, as well.
Look around for a Transflash (aka MicroSD) card, one that you can erase, 2GB or less.
Use your Windows machine to make sure it's freshly formatted as FAT32]
Copy the ROM you want to flash to the card.
Rename the file you just copied to VOGUIMG.nbh If you are flashing a different model, you need to be sure you have the right file name for it. I think the pattern is the first 4 letters of the model name with IMG.nbh after it, but if it doesn't work, don't blame me,
Put card in phone.
Enter bootloader mode by holding the CAMERA and POWER buttons, while pressing the RESET button in the little hole in the bottom of the phone. (don't bother to connect it to your computer)
Enjoy a caffinated beverage of your choice, or an alcoholic beverage of your choice, or heck, a nice tall glass of cool water while you wait.
Watch as your phone automagically flashes itself!
Congratulate yourself on a job well done.
This is what I'm going to use from now on for flashing with a Mac or Linux. For those addicted to flashing, you can even take a collection of cards with you. I'm not yet sure if you can have multiple ROMs on one card, and just rename the one you want to flash or not yet, but I'll likely find out soon.
ATTENTION:
Missing any of these will make it NOT WORK:
Card must be normal SD, not SDHC or XDHC. No bigger than 2GB
Card must be formatted with FAT32. They often come formatted FAT16 or plain FAT, and a previously-used card could have just about any format on it -- NTFS. HPFS. HFS+. EXT3 -- Format it right to be sure.
Be sure you have the right name. I've heard that CaSe cOuNtS -- the name above has been cut/pasted from a working reflash card.
There is no #4.
Have fun!
Oh yes, just in case:[Lawyer]You are responsible for your own actions. This information is provided as a public service, and I wave all responsibility for it's correctness or how it is used. If you brick your phone, it's your fault. If your phone explodes, not my problem, but I'd like the remains.[/Lawyer]
Gr1zz said:
How to Flash a Vogue Without ActiveSync
A method so easy my Mother could do it.
Not suggesting there's anything wrong with my mother, just that she's not all that technically oriented.​
Here's an easy way to flash your HTC Vogue without using ActiveSync. It would likely be a great method to use if you had many Vogues that all needed to be updated as well. Works great for those not using Windows, as well.
Look around for a Transflash (aka MicroSD) card, one that you can erase, 2GB or less.
Use your Windows machine to make sure it's freshly formatted as FAT32]
Copy the ROM you want to flash to the card.
Rename the file you just copied to VOGUIMG.nbh If you are flashing a different model, you need to be sure you have the right file name for it. I think the pattern is the first 4 letters of the model name with IMG.nbh after it, but if it doesn't work, don't blame me,
Put card in phone.
Enter bootloader mode by holding the CAMERA and POWER buttons, while pressing the RESET button in the little hole in the bottom of the phone. (don't bother to connect it to your computer)
Enjoy a caffinated beverage of your choice, or an alcoholic beverage of your choice, or heck, a nice tall glass of cool water while you wait.
Watch as your phone automagically flashes itself!
Congratulate yourself on a job well done.
This is what I'm going to use from now on for flashing with a Mac or Linux. For those addicted to flashing, you can even take a collection of cards with you. I'm not yet sure if you can have multiple ROMs on one card, and just rename the one you want to flash or not yet, but I'll likely find out soon.
ATTENTION:
Missing any of these will make it NOT WORK:
Card must be normal SD, not SDHC or XDHC. No bigger than 2GB
Card must be formatted with FAT32. They often come formatted FAT16 or plain FAT, and a previously-used card could have just about any format on it -- NTFS. HPFS. HFS+. EXT3 -- Format it right to be sure.
Be sure you have the right name. I've heard that CaSe cOuNtS -- the name above has been cut/pasted from a working reflash card.
There is no #4.
Have fun!
Oh yes, just in case:[Lawyer]You are responsible for your own actions. This information is provided as a public service, and I wave all responsibility for it's correctness or how it is used. If you brick your phone, it's your fault. If your phone explodes, not my problem, but I'd like the remains.[/Lawyer]
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
i do as yousay after i put it in bootloade mode it says loading for a split seconde then goes back to bootloader i need help i have android with no data i read that i need to reinstill wm get data working their then re install android i cant get wm back on this phone im going on 3 days trying to flash this yes its unlocked

No image file

Trying to flash another .nbh but whe i go to three color screen i got no image tested with different kernels tested with windows nothing happens! Any suggestions?
rollride said:
Trying to flash another .nbh but whe i go to three color screen i got no image tested with different kernels tested with windows nothing happens! Any suggestions?
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
Format de SD card, and leave only the KAISIMG.NBH in it. FAT32
ok i will test and share the result thanks for the fast suggestion !
have a nice day
rollride said:
ok i will test and share the result thanks for the fast suggestion !
have a nice day
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
Damn... i said that ?? Can't remember....
Anyhow, post back results
same thing
after format same result no image file ...
So... your SD card is formated as FAT32, the file is named, exactly, KAISIMG.NBH, and the device does not detect it...
Question number one, is the sdcard ok ?
Question number two, is the sdreader ok ?
hell yeah
Everything is exactly how it should be. Except i was thinking also that sd card may be the problem but after a few tries with different cards i found out that the card is not the problem. After all i think that may be this is fault of the guys i took my phone to repair usb port but after three weeks later they didn`t, telling me that for my phone there is no port `cause it wasn`t as normal kaisers` port it is mirrored and the can`t find such in the internet to order (my kaiser is from T-mobile from Germany) and after they gave it back to me it started to make this weird thing...
Anyway thank you for your fast answers and suggestion really appreciate your help dude i wish you the best!
"Mirrored" USB port?
Sounds like a regular Kaiser multi-port to me. Kaiser, Tytn, Raphael, and a whole bunch of other HTC phones use that port.
Double-check and triple-check that ATools recognizes the file as a true Kaiser image.
You can name it whatever you want but if the file signature doesn't match what the SPL is looking for, you won't get it to install.
Which SPL are you using and did the "repair" people reflash the stock SPL ont the phone?
And... how long before the gray screen says "No Image File!"? If the image is wrong you will most likely see a group of 8 numbers across the top of the screen.
If you see these numbers, the image file is wrong.
?!?
the spl is 3.56.Hard CPLD-8
THERE is no numbers just displaying really fast no image file it took a long time to even read it `cause it is displaying it very fast and after that is back to three color screen ! I really don`t have any ideas any more ...
Success i formated in fat after that fat32 and this trick worked !
I was just about to ask about formatting...
Good to hear you figured it out!
When this "strange" issue pop up with sdcards and usb flash drives, i always resort to the the old HP SD Format tool
http://en.kioskea.net/download/download-127-hp-usb-disk-storage-format-tool
i will have it in mind next time ! thanks you !

VM CDMA 3 vibes

Hey people,
Figured I would just start my own thread.
I have a Virgin Moble CDMA and it seems to be hard bricked.
With no battery in the phone plug in the USB cable to Windows computer unit vibrates 3 times and nothing more. Computer does not recognize that there is a device connected.
I created a gold card and placed the img file (Bare minimum to fix tripple vibe brick on USCC or VMUSA) from Simonsimon34's thread on the development area.
The SD is placed in the phone plugged in the USB get the 3 vibes and nothing else happens. I have tried waiting and then pushing the volume up to see if it will vibe again....it never does.
I know I am in what is referred to as "Qualcomm diagnostic mode" I have search and can not find anything helpful.
Any other ideas would be great.
KB
I had this problem in the past.
Run the RUU found here: http://www.filefactory.com/file/c4e..._1.25_0815_PRL61007_release_219164_signed.exe
It will be a slow download and you may need to try a few times.
Close all open applications. Run the RUU, but stop at the screen where you are able to choose to view the Read Me. Go to Windows Explorer, and type %TEMP% and pick the top one. Find "rom.zip". Move that to the desktop. Format your SD card (FAT32). Rename rom.zip to PG76IMG.zip. Put PG76IMG.zip on your SD card. Then hope it works.
If you're not running Windows or you have other problems or it doesn't work, I'm sure the problems can be resolved.
Thanks for the quick response. But I have already tried this.
I should have mentioned that.
Kevin
So you did Simon's method and the RUU method?
This is basically what I did..let me know if I am missing something.
I first tried what I believe is Simons method:
1. Took SD connected to computer.
2. I then used Simple Gold card v1 to create the gold card.
* I already had my gold card image from before when the phone was still working.
3. I then placed the PG file on the SD card.
*I've tried both the PG file that I got from the temp folder that the ruu creates and I also tried the PG file on the Simon's developer thread ( the one labeled for 3 vibes)
4. Put the SD card in the phone, then connected the USB to the computer.
All the phone does is vibrate 3 times.
I then tried the RUU.
1. I installed the HTC synch software on the computer
2. Connected the phone to the computer also.
I have tried both with a gold card and a freshly formatted SD card.
3 I then run the RUU.... All I ever get is a USB error stated to make sure the phone is connected.
Kevin
kmbarreiros said:
This is basically what I did..let me know if I am missing something.
I first tried what I believe is Simons method:
1. Took SD connected to computer.
2. I then used Simple Gold card v1 to create the gold card.
* I already had my gold card image from before when the phone was still working.
3. I then placed the PG file on the SD card.
*I've tried both the PG file that I got from the temp folder that the ruu creates and I also tried the PG file on the Simon's developer thread ( the one labeled for 3 vibes)
4. Put the SD card in the phone, then connected the USB to the computer.
All the phone does is vibrate 3 times.
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
When you powered the phone on did you hold the volume up and press the power button at the same time?
Yes I have.
Ok, just a thought...
Alright, I had this same problem with my VM Marvelc. I had to send it in. Don't worry. They won't be able to check to see if you've modded because your radio and hboot are totally trashed. They should just send you a new one. (If you have a warranty of any sort.)
Unfortunately I doubt that I have any warranty, I got the phone from a relative who got it at the Elan show(payed $100). It was there X-mas show, she came home with a pile of electronics (tv, android tablet, this phone....). The phone was never activated, I was just about ready too.
My wife isn't too happy that I bricked it since I can't really afford to get another one.
I've spent about a week on it and from all the research I have done pretty much any phone that is in this state either the thread just ends or they get the phone exchanged.
I sent an email to HTC but they want me to call, I'll just try to play as dumb as possible.
Well I ended up calling HTC, come to find out my phone is still under warranty even though I bought this from relative. Looks like they just go by the serial number.
Thanks for all the help, I'll be back once I get the new one.
Kevin
Awesome. And if they ask, what happened was that you were waiting to do a FOTA, but you decided to do it. After the FOTA, this problem is occurring. (Don't tell them you were messing with ROMs.)

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